Bony Anatomy The Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Presentation The undermentioned section plans to gracefully a diagram of current writing relevant to this overview. A concise lineation of related life systems and biomechanics of the articulatio family explanation will be examined, each piece great as a hypothetical relationship of articulatio sort degenerative joint pain and the lower dynamic link. The clinical, aetiological and epidemiological aspects of degenerative joint inflammation of the articulatio class will be given, alongside the potential impacts that different intercession alternative may hang on this malady. We will compose a custom paper test on Hard Anatomy The Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Life structures 2.2.1 Bony Anatomy of the Knee Joint The articulatio sort joint maps mainly as a major pivot type enunciation, abiding of three verbalizations ; two tibiofemoral explanations between the average and sidelong femoral and tibial condyles, and one patellofemoral explanation between the back feature of the kneecap and thighbone ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Because of the near incongruence of the articulating surfaces, the articulatio class enunciation composite is naturally insecure, consequently two fibrocartilage phonograph record ( semilunar ligament ) exist in the limitless between the shinbone and thighbone, are appended to the intercondylar differentiation of the shinbone, and farther expansion the congruency of the joint each piece great as give additional stableness ( Magee, 2008 ) . In add-on to the semilunar ligament, army environing tendons play an of import work in adjustment of the articulatio class. The name, area and explicit guide of these tendons are plot in the even cluster underneath. Table 2.1.1 Name Location and maps of articulatio class tendons Name Area Capacity Average ( tibial ) security tendon ( MCL ) Tied down superiorly to the middle femoral epicondyle, second rate compared to the adductor tubercle, and drops anteriorly to append to the middle fringe and middle surface of the shinbone above and behind the affectionate respect of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus ligaments. Connects by a lot of its profound surface to the fundamental hempen film of the middle semilunar ligament. Settles the pivot like motion of the articulatio family and forestalls knee snatching Sidelong ( fibular ) security tendon ( LCL ) Connects superiorly to the sidelong femoral epicondyle, better than the channel for the popliteus ligament. Poorly, it is connected to a downturn on the sidelong surface of the fibular caput. It is isolated from the hempen film by a Bursa Balances out the pivot like signal of the articulatio variety and articulatio sort adduction. It is more grounded than MCL Front cruciate tendon ( ACL ) Appends to a viewpoint on the front part of the intercondylar nation of the shinbone and climbs posteriorly to join to a perspective at the dorsum of the sidelong mass of the intercondylar pit of the thighbone Complect the thighbone and shinbone, stops tibia voyaging frontward on thighbone, and forestalls hyper-expansion and exorbitant inner rotating movement. Upper leg tendon crosses sidelong to the PCL as they go through the intercondylar part Articular container and the Bursa Articular container presents just along the edges and back aspects of the articulatio variety, where it covers most of the femoral and tibial condyles. It is balanced out and fix by the joint tendons and the musculus ligaments. Bursa are augmentations of the articulatio sort synovial pit and are loaded up with synovial liquid The container comprises of an outside hempen bed ( hempen case ) and an inside synovial layer, which is continuous with the synovial liner of the Bursa. They act to chop down conflict between the ligaments and certain in castanetss ( hypertext move convention:/andme26.hubpages.com/center/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves ) 2.2.2 Neurovascular Structures Table 2.1.2 Neuravascular developments of the articulatio class 2.2.3 Lower Limb Musculature The essential musculus bunches capable to making movement at the articulatio sort enunciation are the quadriceps femoris ( augmentation ) and hamstrings ( flexure ) . The affectionate respects, excitation and activity of the single musculuss inside the quadriceps and hamstring are portrayed in Table 2.1.3.1 and Table 2.1.3.2, severally. Table 2.1.3.1 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Quadriceps Femoris Components Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Excitation Activity Rectus Femoris Foremost substandard iliac spinal segment and Troy better than hip bone socket By means of a typical strong interjection to the base of kneecap ; in a roundabout way by means of patellar tendon to tibial tubercle Femoral Nerve ( L2, L3, L4 ) Broaden leg at articulatio class explanation ; rectus femur other than steadies hip verbalization and aides iliopsoas musculus flex the thigh Vastus Lateralis More prominent trochanter a sidelong lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Medialis Intertrochanteric line and middle lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Intermedius Front and sidelong surfaces of shaft of thighbone ( Table condensed from Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) Table 2.1.3.2 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Hamstrings Components Muscle Proximal Attachment Distal Attachment Excitation Activity Semitendinosus Ischial tubercle Predominant part of shinbone on middle surface Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Broaden thigh ; flex leg and rotate it medially when articulatio variety is flexed Semimembranosus Ischial tubercle Back bit of shinbone on middle condyle Bicepss Femoris Long caput: ischial tubercle Short caput: linea aspera and sidelong supracondylar line of thighbone Fibula on sidelong side of caput Long caput: Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Short caput: Common fibular division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Broaden thigh ; flex leg and rotate it along the side when articulatio family is flexed ( Table abbreviated from Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) 2.2.4 Lower Limb Biomechanics The essential movements of the articulatio class are flexure and expansion, with a littler rotational constituent when the articulatio variety is flexed ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Table 2.1.4 diagrams the main movements of the articulatio class explanation, each piece great as the name and activity of the musculus bring forthing them. Table 2.1.4 Motions of the articulatio class Movement and extent of movement Name Activity Knee flexors 135AÂ °-150AÂ ° 1. Hamstrings ( semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris ) 2. Popliteus Flexs and repetitions leg medially, bolts and opens the articulatio sort from beginnings of flexure Knee extensors 0AÂ °-10AÂ ° Quadricepss femoris ( rectus femur, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis ) expands leg, ( yet flexes thigh by activity of rectus femur ) Average rotating movement 0AÂ °-10AÂ ° Popliteus ( non-weight bearing articulatio sort expanded ) , or semitendinosus and semimembranosus ( when knee flexed ) Feebly flexes articulatio variety, opens knee by rotating femur 5AÂ ° along the side on fixed shinbone Sidelong turning movement 0AÂ °-30AÂ ° Bicepss femoris ( when knee flexed ) Feebly flexes articulatio variety, opens knee by rotating femur 5AÂ ° medially on fixed shinbone ( hypertext move convention:/andme26.hubpages.com/center point/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves ) The relative incongruence of the articular surface results in the articulatio variety being similarly frail consequently, and a more noteworthy trust on the activities of environing musculuss, ligaments and tendons for quality and backing ( Magee, 2008 ) . The front thigh musculuss are the most disparaging of these backings, with the quadriceps femoris musculuss being the a large portion of import stabilizer of the articulatio sort verbalization ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Due to the affectionate respect of the quadriceps femoris musculus across two enunciations, it is equipped for bring forthing activity at both the hip and the articulatio family ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The three vastus musculuss ( vastus intermedius, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis ) structure the essential extensor musculus gathering of the articulatio family ( Moore and Dalley, 1999, Magee, 2008 ) . The rectus femoris division of the quadriceps femoris musculus Acts of the Apostless, alongside the iliopsoas, to flex the hip ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) ; thusly its capacity to extend the articulatio sort is undermined when the hip is flexed. As a result, the capacity of the quadriceps femoris musculus gathering to deliver knee augmentation is most useful when the hip enunciation is broadened ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings musculus bunch produces expansion at the hip and flexure at the articulatio variety ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) . These two activities of the hamstrings can non be performed maximally at a similar clasp, as full flexure of the articulatio variety requires so much shortening that the hamstrings can non flexibly the additional constriction required for full augmentation of the hip, and feebleness versa ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings, in any case, exhibit most movement when they are capriciously embraced to oppose hip flexure and articulatio variety augmentation ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . An overview by Wilson et Al ( 2011 ) intended to investigate the correlativity between articulatio class verbalization biomechanics and neuromuscular control and moderate articulatio sort degenerative joint pain radiographic and torment disagreeableness, higher articulatio family adduction minutes ( during position stage ) and lower articulatio variety flexure points ( full pace cadence ) were related with higher RVAS. Higher harming tonss were related with lower pace speeds and decreased initiation of the sidelong gastroc among ahead of schedule and late position stage, which the authors recommended m

The captain of the Sephora Essay Example

The skipper of the Sephora Essay Both Legatt and the skipper are obscure to an accomplished group. The chief had been named to his position, turning into a total outsider among men who had cooperated for quite a while. I had been delegated to the order just a fortnight previously. Neither did I know a significant part of the hands forward. Every one of these individuals had been together for eighteen months or something like that, and my position was that of the main outsider ready. (pg 2) His individual group viewed Legatt as an alien to the Sephora. Seven-and thirty prudent years adrift, of which more than twenty of faultless order, and the last fifteen in the Sephora (pg 12) I didn't energize that youthful individual (pg12) The skipper of the Sephora had not felt that Legatt was commendable enough to be a main mate. . he wasnt precisely the sort for the main mate of a boat like the Sephora! (pg 17) The chiefs extraordinary relationship with his mystery sharer, Legatt, settled in him feeling that intellectually, two individuals had gotten one. The psychological sentiment of being in two places on the double had influenced me truly. (pg 20) The chief portrays his mystery sharer as his twofold; they are intellectually, genuinely a sorry excuse for one another. I was so related to my mystery twofold (pg 21) .my other self in there (pg 22) We will compose a custom paper test on The chief of the Sephora explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The commander of the Sephora explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The commander of the Sephora explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The mystery organization Legatt and the commander have, becomes more grounded and increasingly evident as the story uncovers. The chief feels he can impart anything to his mystery sharer. Toward the start of the story, the commander doesn't have the foggiest idea about his place and has sentiments of deficiency. It turns out to be progressively obvious to the chief that in the event that he bombs in his capacities to lead his boat and group, at that point his future could be as depressing as Legatts. . also, I understood out of nowhere that all my future, for which I was fit, would maybe go hopelessly to pieces in any incident to my first order (pg 26) Close to the finish of the story, the commander gets in line with himself and feels certain about his capacities and job as a chief. In the wake of deciding to hazard the life of himself and his group so as to spare the life of Legatt, he chances everything for his outsider, to assist him with arriving at land so he can start another life. The skipper dexterously turns away demolition and comments on his newly discovered trust in his group and his capacity as the boats administrator. Nothing! Nobody on the world should remain between us, tossing a shadow in transit of quiet information and quiet warmth, the ideal correspondence of a sailor with his first order. The skipper acknowledges he is in finished control and is sure as a pioneer of his vessel. His newfound trust in his capacities will help in the remainder of his excursion and a mind-blowing remainder. I As an immediate consequence of his relationship with the mystery sharer, the skipper changes from an unpracticed and uncertain individual to a confident and stable pioneer. In the start of the story, the commander doesn't have a clue about his place and has sentiments of deficiency. This progressions when the chief meets the mystery sharer and gets secure and positive about his obligation and his capacities. By discharging him into opportunity, he is accomplishing his own development, and for it he is eager to address an overwhelming cost. After this experience the commander is prepared to begin another certain life and guide his boat on its excursion. The result of the story is that Legatt and the chief both become free, Legatt accomplishes individual flexibility and the commander turns out to be liberated from his feelings of dread of order. This implies the last offered they share together opportunity.

A friendly reminder COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A friendly reminder COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog HAPPY NEW YEAR! New Year has been a time for looking back to the past, and more importantly, forward to the coming year. Its a time to reflect on the changes we want (or need) to make and resolve to follow through on those changes.   Usually help others and learn something new make the list of things to accomplish in the new year what better way to achieve those goals than to be at SIPA.   Our mission is to empower people to serve the greater public interest so as a student here; you will learn new skills that will prepare you to make a positive impact on peoples lives. Dont miss your opportunity to be considered for 2012 admission.   Learn more about our programs at:   www.sipa.columbia.edu.   Our application deadline for our two-year MIA/MPA program is this Thursday, January 5th.   Our MPA-DP application deadline is Friday, January 20th.   Please keep in mind that all materials must be received by the due date.     You can check online if we received documents you have submitted. As always, feel free to contact the Office of Admission with any questions or concerns. Good luck everyone!

Funding For Reconstruction And Security Thinking - 1978 Words

In the past few decades, natural disasters, like earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis, have significantly affected more people in the world due to an increase in population size. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the world’s population grew from 2.5 billion to 6.3 billion since 1950, and increasing globalization has directly affected how these individuals are affected by the natural disasters that occur in their respective cities. The most important factor in the way these disasters affect individuals is how both local and national governments respond to them. Funding for reconstruction and security thinking is what provides the direst care for individuals who are forced to endure these natural disasters. Most commonly, it is women†¦show more content†¦Globalization and Natural Disasters According to Munro in â€Å"Natural Disasters, Globalization, and the Implications for Global Security,† recovery of cities in the wake of disaster has become an internati onal responsibility. Munro states: â€Å"Disasters do not occur within strict national boundaries, their effects can be felt across the world, and responses must be broad and comprehensive. Security no longer refers only to state security or the absence of conflict; it also includes individual and environmental security and global health concerns† (10). Fundraising for those countries effected by natural disasters has become mainstream throughout global culture, and can even be seen in academic institutions and online organizations. In Western societies, there is an underlying moral obligation that comes with providing donations for countries hit by disaster. Children in schools often learn about these devastations through fundraisers implemented by their teachers, school councils, and PTAs and are taught to aid those less privileged than them. Fundraising techniques have even advanced into a mobile movement where donations to national crisis can be made with a simple text or mobile app that takes fund directly out of an individual’s bank account. These moral obligations are felt by not only individuals, but also on a global economic scale as governments from surrounding

The Improved Elevator Invention of Alexander Miles

Alexander Miles of Duluth, Minnesota patented an electric elevator on October 11, 1887. His innovation in the mechanism to open and close elevator doors greatly improved elevator safety.  Miles is notable for being a  black inventor  and successful business person in 19th Century America.   Elevator Patent for Automatic Closing Doors The problem with elevators at that time was that the doors of the elevator and the shaft had to be opened and closed manually. This could be done either by those riding in the elevator, or a dedicated elevator operator.  People would forget to close the shaft door. As a result,  there were accidents with people falling down the elevator shaft. Miles was concerned when he saw a shaft door left open when he was riding an elevator with his daughter. Miles  improved the method of the opening and closing of elevator  doors and the shaft door when an elevator was not on that floor.  He created an automatic mechanism that closed access to the shaft by the action of the cage moving. His design attached a flexible belt to the elevator cage. When it went over drums positioned at the appropriate spots above and below a floor, it automated opening and closing the doors with levers and rollers. Miles was granted a patent on this mechanism and it is still influential in elevator design today. He was not the only person to get a patent on automated elevator door systems, as John W. Meaker was granted a patent 13 years earlier. Early Life of Inventor Alexander Miles Miles was born in 1838 in Ohio to Michael Miles and Mary Pompy and is not recorded as having been a slave. He moved to Wisconsin and worked as a barber. He later moved to Minnesota where his draft registration showed he was living in Winona in 1863. He showed his talents for invention by creating and marketing hair care products. He met Candace Dunlap, a white woman who was a widow with two children. They married and moved to Duluth, Minnesota by 1875, where he lived for more than two decades. They had a daughter, Grace, in 1876. In Duluth, the couple invested in real estate, and Miles operated the barbershop at the upscale St. Louis Hotel. He was the first black member of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce. Later Life of Alexander Miles Miles and his family lived in comfort and prosperity in Duluth. He was active in politics and fraternal organizations. In 1899 he sold real estate investments in Duluth and moved to Chicago. He founded The United Brotherhood as a life insurance company that would ensure black people, who were often denied coverage at that time. Recessions took a toll on his investments, and he and his family resettled in Seattle, Washington. At one time it was believed he was the wealthiest black person in the Pacific Northwest, but that did not last. In the last decades of his life, he was again working as a barber. He died in 1918 and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007.

Baz Luhrman’s Romeo and Juliet Movie Review Free Essays

Romeo + Juliet Film review The film â€Å"Romeo + Juliet† was released in 1996, with Baz Luhrman as director. This is one of the most famous love plays written by Shakespeare, screenplay was by Craig Pearce. Romeo and Juliet is a film about forbidden love and how tragic love can end. We will write a custom essay sample on Baz Luhrman’s Romeo and Juliet: Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The film was shot in Miami, but most of all in Mexico. The main actors are Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo and Claire Danes as Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is about two teenagers that fall madly and deeply in love in Verona, italy, it takes place in the present time. Romeo is an 18 years old, poor rebel and son of the Montague family. He has chestnut hair, soft olive skin, charming blue eyes and a determined but kind mind. Juliet is an 18 years old, rich daughter of the Capulets. Juliet has long dark hair, gorgeous green eyes and clear pearl skin. She doesn’t like being pushed into doing things she cant decide for herself. Juliet loves Romeo and vise versa. As if it weren’t enough problems with relationships at a young age, their families were great enemies. This makes it physically impossible to for them to be together. This particular film is a renewed version of the actual story written by Shakespeare. Therefore you can relate a bit more to the actors actions and drama. Romeo is a smart guy, and come up with some clever ideas for the two of them to meet. In one of his last attempts to end the â€Å"war† between their families, something goes totally wrong and destroys their chances forever. The music and sound was made and set by Nellee Hooper. The sound effects were really intense and aggressive, but that only made the story come more to life. The way they talked was extremely special, it set the mood of Shakespeare’s originality and realness. The message the film wanted to give was that you should always follow what you want. Forbidden love is possible to make just love, you just have to fight with everything you have. When teenagers get determined about something they do not forget it easily. â€Å"Romeo + Juliet† will always be an incredible and beautiful love story, that many can relate to. I loved the tension between the two families and the problems that kept on coming during the film. I was really exited every time Romeo and Juliet were secretly meeting. The frighting thought about being caught and killed was constantly there. The only thing that was difficult to understand was the language. In the film they talked the original â€Å"old english† that Shakespeare used in his time. It was not easy to understand everything they said. Since I had heard about the story and read it before, I knew what was going to happen. Over all Romeo Juliet is a beautiful love story that will never be forgotten. How to cite Baz Luhrman’s Romeo and Juliet: Movie Review, Papers

Sir Gawain And Green Knight Essays - Literature, Cephalophores

Sir Gawain And Green Knight In the epic poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the author uses the protagonist, Sir Gawain, to illustrate the heroic ideals of chivalry, loyalty and honesty in fourteenth century England. The poem depicts the fabled society of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. It extols and idolizes the virtues of the fabled kingdom. In the poem, Gawain is the epitome of virtue and all that is good. Throughout the poem, however, his character is constantly tested and his integrity is compromised. In the end, Gawain proves that, although he is fallible, he is an honest and chivalrous man of heroic stature. The poem begins on New Year's Eve in Camelot during a huge dinner celebration. The author elaborately details the "feasting and fellowship and carefree mirth" and sets the scene with "fair folk" and "gentle knights". (p. 2) Amid the merriment and festivities of these noble persons, a huge man on horseback dressed entirely in green, gallops into the hall. Arrogantly he issues a challenge to everyone at the feast for someone to come forward and strike him with his axe. To this man, the green knight promises to award his adversary with his beautiful axe on the condition that in a year from then the challenger should also receive the same single blow of the axe in return. Such a challenge baffles the court and no one responds until, finally, King Arthur stands up and accepts the green knight's offer, though claiming it ridiculous. With grandeur and the courteous air of a hero, Sir Gawain stands up and graciously asks to be granted the challenge on behalf of the king. Such a courageous and noble act defines the character of Sir Gawain. With an adept swing of the sword he swiftly beheads the illustrious green knight. Yet, instead of killing him, the green knight picks up his head, tells him to seek out the green chapel and warns him not to shirk from what he has promised, "Sir Gawain, forget not to go as agreed,/ And cease not to seek till me, sir, you find...." (p. 10) After almost a year has passed, Gawain has not forgotten the green knight or his promise. Therefore, he resigns himself to his duty and prepares to leave Camelot in search of the green knight. He arms himself with a five-pointed star on the outside and the image of the Virgin Mary on the inside to protect him, a symbol of his purity and goodness. Before he leaves, Arthur tells him "In destinies sad or merry,/ True men can but try." (p. 12) Such a statement aims to further highlight the nobility and integrity of Sir Gawain. Upon his departure, he travels for many arduous days until finally reaching a paradisiacal castle in which he is taken in as a guest. His host, "A man of massive mold, and of middle age..." (who shares a remarkable resemblance in build to the green knight) is welcoming and very hospitable to Gawain. During his stay at this castle, Gawain is repeatedly besieged with temptations. The wife of his host constantly tries to cajole Gawain into having an affair with her. To the credit of his impeccable character, however, he declines. Though she cannot tempt him with herself, she is able to break his moral purity by convincing him to accept a gift that could protect his life against formidable the green knight. Furthermore, what makes the acceptance of this gift a true shortcoming is the fact that Gawain was not honest with his host and tell him that he received such a gift, although earlier they had agreed to such terms. After this, Sir Gawain departs, no longer infallible, to seek out the green knight. He finally comes upon the green chapel and the knight appears. The green knight commends Sir Gawain for being noble and keeping his word and with this Gawain prepares for blow of the axe. The green knight returns the blow by merely cutting the skin and drawing a little blood. This astounds Sir Gawain and he jumps up and is ready to fight. The green knight laughs at Gawain and tells him to relax that he did not intend to cut off his head. The small cut represented Gawain's small sin of accepting the "magical" sash from the green knight's wife (who reveals that he had been his host at the castle after all). Besides that small shortcoming, the green knight proclaims that Gawain is truly a noble,

buy custom Opiate Addiction essay

buy custom Opiate Addiction essay The paper will introduce opiate addiction and explore its important aspects such its prescription, diagnostic criteria, etiology and opiate prevalence. The paper will also survey manifestation and course of opiate addiction and its differential diagnosis. The treatment of opiate addiction through self help and support groups will be explored in this paper. Assessment of the effectiveness of the available treatment methods will be discussed in detail. The history of medical involvement in opiate addiction is depicted by political disagreements over deviance descriptions. According to Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, the description of opiate abuse has differed from a late 19th century due to lack of concern as a societal problem to 20th century as a criminal offense of those use it (2011). Opiate addiction is pathological condition although in instances where opiates leads to addiction the amount of time involved cannot be simply predetermined (Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, 2011). Prescription Opiate Addiction Worldwide there is a serious worry for opiate addiction and opiate overdose deaths. The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) defines drug abuse as the use of a Schedule II through Schedule V drug in a way or quantity that is incoherent with the medical or social pattern of culture (Lowinson, 2005). Schedule V drug refers to a class of drugs that have a small prospective for abuse or addiction. Opiate dependency in the addiction field is more than taking a large quantity of opiates. Lowinson (2005) says that a patient who takes a prescribed opiate on a regular basis may become physically dependant on the medication but is hardly an addict unless the patients behaviour meets the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria for opiate dependence (Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, 2011). Surveys have found fundamental increase in misuse of hydrocodone and oxycodone products. These are opiates and their availability has remained relatively stable from 1994 to 1999. Prescription opiate abuse relates to the inherent abuse liability of the prescribed opiate and its distraction from the intended route of distribution (Lowinson, 2005). Prescription opiate abuse is associated with certain pharmacologic properties. Opiates include morphine, heroin, codeine, meperidine, and hydromorphone. Heroin is available only unlawfully in the United States. Opiates are frequently used for pain control (Murphy CowanBottom of Form, 2008) Diagnostic Criteria The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM) delineates the diagnostic criteria for prescription opiate dependence and abuse. Opiate addiction is characterized by significant level of tolerance defined by the need for markedly increased quantities of opiate to attain intoxication or desired effect (DSM, 2000). For opiate dependence, tolerance is also defined by diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of opiate (DSM, 2000). Individuals also experience withdrawal which is marked by the typical withdrawal syndrome for opiates and remarkable withdrawal symptoms of dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, lacrimation or rhinorrhea, diarrhea, yawning, fever, insomnia, gooseflesh, sweating (DSM, 2000). Opiates are also taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. The central feature of opiate diagnostic criteria is continued use of the drug despite persistent and recurrent social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems caused by the use of the drug (DSM, 2000). For opiate addiction to be diagnosed at least three signs must be present. Individuals desire for the drug persists (Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, 2011). The signs include craving for an opioid drug, rhinorrhea or sneezing,lacrimation, muscle aches or cramps, abdominal cramps and nausea or vomiting (DSM, 2000). Opiate addiction is not restricted to low socioeconomic classes even though the prevalence of opiate dependence is greater in these groups than in higher socioeconomic classes (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Sadock, Kaplan Virginia (2007) noted that social factors associated with urban poverty possibly contribute to opiate dependence. Studies indicate that 50 percent of urban opiate users are children of single parents or divorced parents and are from families in which at least one other member has a substance related disorder (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Children from such settings are at high risk for opiate dependence particularly if they also evidence behavioral in school or other signs of conduct disorder (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Sadock, Kaplan Virginia (2007) indicated that some consistent behaviour patterns seem to be especially pronounced in adolescents with opiate dependence (p. 445). Opiate addicted individuals experience behavioral powerlessness counterac ted by disturbances in social and interpersonal relationships with peers maintained by mutual substance experiences (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Prevalence The prevalence of opiate addiction is determined by several factors. The first one is availability of the drugs. This implies that the greater the availability, the greater frequency of addiction (Souhami Moxham, 2002). The second factor is the accessibility of the drug. This explains the virtual commonness of drug addiction amongst doctors and nurses and in big cities and coastal areas in a certain state or country (Souhami Moxham, 2002). Souhami Moxham (2002) noted that the most important cause of opiate addiction is its availability. Availability of opiates means that susceptible individual expose themselves to the drug, either because they inhabit a subculture in which drug taking is prevalent, or because they are psychologically susceptible owing to family difficulties, dejection or boredom (Souhami Moxham, 2002). Murphy CowanBottom of Form (2008) says that opiate use and abuse are common in the United States. Prevalence for heroin dependence is about 0.1 percent, and prescription pain reliever dependence is about 0.6 percent. People who use opiates recreationally become addicted (Murphy CowanBottom of Form, 2008). Manifestation and Course of Addiction Pharmacological features of opiates tolerance and withdrawal syndrome ensure the establishment of a habit, and as well as physiological factors that enable people to maintain the addiction and make rehabilitation difficult (Souhami Moxham, 2002). Souhami Moxham (2002) indicated that it is possible that individuals susceptible to addiction may genetically be deficient in endorphins and hence opiate hungry (pg. 243). Opiates reduce the amount and effects of other cerebral neurotransmitters such as acetycholine (Souhami Moxham, 2002). In their research, Souhami Moxham (2002) also articulated that cerebral neurotransmitters has led to the super sensitivity theory of withdrawal syndrome, which postulates tha addicted individuals have reduced amounts of transmitter reaching postsynaptic receptors. Halting opiates results in a sudden increase in transmitter and stimulation of the already supersensitive receptor. Continued use of opiates causes long term transformations in the brain that can be successfully treated with prescriptions (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). Opiate withdrawal occurs when an individual with a chronic opiate addict abruptly stops or dramatically reduces opiate use. Miller Gold (2011) says that although abandonment from opiates causes bodily discomfort, it is not life threatening. Miller Gold (2011) established that the most general treatment for opiate withdrawal is methadone alternative; in which methadone is replaced with the drug for the addicted person and then slowly reduced once the patient is soothed (p. 102). Since methadone has a longer half-life than other opiates, the withdrawal and threats of difficulties are reduced, creating a smoother treatment. Furthermore, methadone can be orally given since it is a long-acting agent (Miller Gold, 2011). The DSM differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis enables a clinician or practitioner to characterize a disorder from another disorder that has similar features and criteria. The diagnosis of opiate addiction is generally obvious after a careful history of mental status and physical examinations (DSM, 2000). Opiate addiction is characterized by difficulties in solving problems, focusing on reading and writing and understanding what others say DSM (2000). The symptoms of opiate-related disorders are equivalent to the substance use disorders of Nicotine dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal, Cocaine Intoxication and Amphetamine or Phencyclidine Intoxication. DSM (2000) noted that opiate addicted patients like mental disorder victims experience a maladaptive pattern of drug use leading to clinically important distress. Opiate dependence is illustrated by the incapacity to stop taking opiate drugs or medications (Junig, 2008). Opiate addicts have a fascination to use opiate prescription that persists even after months or years, when withdrawal has long passed (Junig, 2008). Junig (2008) noted that opiate addiction is infuriating to the individual addicted and to his or her loved ones. Life for an opiate addict revolves around the drug because the addict is preoccupied with finding the subsequent prescription so as to evade becoming dope sick (Junig, 2008). Stine Kosten (1997) noted that there are two imperative characteristics of opiate dependence which include; easiness, regarded as a deteriorating drug effect after frequent administration and reliance exposed by a withdrawal condition after immediate discontinuation of opiate exposure. Opiates cause both bodily and psychosomatic dependence (Stine Kosten, 1997). Subsequently, regular prescription of opiates, going over a long period of time forms a physiological need for its sustained use (Lindesmith, 2008). Lindesmith (2008) established that when regular use is bunged, a number of worrying symptoms materialize, rising in sternness in quantity to the period of dependence and depending upon the amount and regularity of the dosage (p. 28). Researchers say that sustained use of opiates leads to an episodic, synthetically produced gloominess and distress which fades away instantaneously upon reiteration of the dosage. Within a period of three weeks of daily use, the moderation symptoms apparently increase at faster tempo and swiftly become very harsh and even treacherous (Lindesmith, 2008). Opiate drugs can simultaneously interrelate with major types of receptors in the brain and act as an agonist (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). The prejudiced outcomes of opiates are arbitrated through activities at mu opioid receptors, and intrusion with actions at these receptors causes a rational plan for coming up with medications for opiate dependence (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). Studies show that among the numerous effects of opiate drugs on neurons are alterations in gene expression. The modifications in gene expression are identified as significant in this type of dependence because of its steady and progressive expansion and the perseverance of many of its characteristics long after discontinuation of drug exposure (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). In addition, opiates can manage some transcription features that are significant in neuronal gene expression. The idea of narcotics anonymous self-help group is a traditional and a valued approach of treatment to many drug addiction problems (Ghodse, 2010). Narcotics Anonymous is a support group for individuals suffering from drug addiction. Narcotics anonymous (NA) self help groups is a group of individuals with comparable problems who meet together willingly to help themselves. Opiate self help groups help individuals become ascetic (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) says that there is an underlying philosophy that it is impossible for an individual to overcome opiate addiction alone, but that this can be achieved with the help of the group (p. 173). Self help groups also provide mutual aid of people helping each other by offering companionship and sharing universal experiences (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) indicated that self help groups provide group support, social recognition and social personality for individuals who may have become very isolated because of their drug problem. Opiate addicts in established groups have access to a wide range of experience and build up skills and knowledge that may be genuine and realistic help to those trying to manage with opiate addiction (Miller Gold, 2011). Since those who able to cope with abstinent continue to attend the group for a while, new members are able to meet and identify with such people (Ghodse, 2010). These groups provide a life-long supportive program for sustained recovery. This is because opiate dependence is a chronic disorder in which there are many reversions (StellmaTop of Form. 1998). Self help groups are open to everyone with any type of drug problem and the only prerequisite for membership is the aspiration to stop using drugs (Ghodse, 2010). The approach of self help groups is based on the idea of addiction as a spiritual and therapeutic disease that can be prohibited but never cured. Opiates addicts follow the twelve steps stipulated in NA and AA programme for attaining abstinence (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) indicated that the twelve traditions of AA and NA safeguard the freedom of the group by outlining the principles that guide its organization and administration (pg. 174). The groups are autonomous, self supporting and decline outside contributions (Ghodse, 2010). The members of opiate dependence self help groups attend meetings recurrently (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) noted that during the meetings there is often a discussion based on the Twelve Steps and huge amount of emphasis is placed on complete openness and honesty with other members of the group (pg. 174). As an approach towards individuals recovery, the single shared common issue creates a strong bond between the members (Ghodse, 2010). New members of the group are encouraged to look for a sponsor within the group, a particular person to turn to during incidents of great need. The mandate of being a sponsor can be rewarding for the person concerned (Ghodse, 2010). Support Groups Support groups differ from self help groups in the way they are organized and run (Ghodse, 2010). Support groups offer the third form of opiate addiction treatment. Ghodse (2010) noted that support groups are run by a professional but they offer similar caring and non-critical environment (pg. 175). The support groups play a fundamental role to individuals who are parents and they and their children have exceptional needs which can be taken care of to some extent in an informal group setting. For opiate addicts support groups assist in mutual support between the members by providing them with a time and place to meet (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) indicated that for addicts who are parenting, support groups gives them a chance whereby they can chat about general child-care matters and important aspects of bringing up their families. Opiate dependence parents need this support but they may be reluctant to attend an ordinary playgroup because of anxiety about their drug problem (Ghodse, 2010). Support groups are accommodating to those who have just come off opiates and who are still at risk of going back to opiate use (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) established that those who are near the end of a detoxification programme for example taking less than 10-15 mg methadone daily may also attend self help group (pg. 196). Support groups are regularly organized as part of the total programme of services of an expert clinic. They are also organized by voluntary agencies as one component of community response to opiate abuse problem (Ghodse, 2010). Support groups should use Yaloms principles were leaders learn the maintenance of stable groups, culture building and the use of the here and now group leadership skills (Haight Gibson, 2005). Haight Gibson (2005) noted that Yaloms principles help group leaders to carry out subgroupings, resolving crises in the groups, social reinforcement and act as transitional objects in the support groups. T Narcotics Anonymous Experience I attended a Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meeting so as to learn what actually goes on in such meetings. The group is well directed by a leader who ensures that no one is placed out of their profundity without intending to do so themselves. The meetings run for 60 to 90 minutes. In each meeting one of the twelve steps is read and discussed. They usually start with a word of prayer from the group leader and then afterwards Chapter 2 of the AA Big Book is read. The topics of discussion include the twelve steps and traditions of AA. Majority of the group affiliates are enthusiastically willing to read this narrative. Everyone is encouraged to get a sponsor to stand behind him or her. For example, with the analysis of the sponsor story we examined the significance of identifying a sponsor for constant support. After reading, the group member discussed about her understanding of how he or she used her sponsor over the last week. After the introduction, the group leader asked if there were newcomers or members attending the meeting for the second time. At the same time a list was passed around for anyone who intends to be contacted over the week or wanted to be a sponsor. Afterwards, one group member narrated his opiate addiction tale. The meeting was then opened for general discussion among the members. All members reviewed their weekly progress according to set procedure. During this time other group members were discouraged from commenting on the individual check-in report. The group leader made brief summary comments that recognized and positively reinforced behavioral changes that established that the group members was making an effort to achieve moderation and stability. After the break, the group members were asked to list common early warning signs of dejection, obsession and opiate addiction setbacks. Members were requested to bring in their daily symptom monitoring calculator to share what they noted about their symptoms and if they found it supportive. The whole procedure included five steps. The first step involved 15 minutes of the check-in procedure. The second step involved 5 minutes of the review of last weeks group topic and reading personal signals and early warning signs of trouble. The third step included the review of the last weeks skill practice questions on the first handout. Step four involved discussion of avoidance of high-risk situations and skills to refuse opiates if offered. The fifth step involved reviewing the skill practice for the next group and asking all members to keep developing and practicing their refusal skills. When I attended the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group meeting I acknowledged that people experience problems while overcoming opiate addiction. This approach of treatment is good because it encourages meeting other people with similar problems helps them to realize that they are not alone (Mueser, Noordsy Drake, 2003).This models the experience of opiate addiction, resulting in social validation and acceptance of the members who attend. I realized that many people benefited from sponsorship (Mueser, Noordsy Drake, 2003). This is because new members in the group choose a mentor with some experience, from whom he or she could learn and receive individual support. Sponsors helped new members both within and outside the group meetings. In my view Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group meetings give members the chance to understand the treatment procedures and information that we obtain from books, libraries, internet and medical personnel. This is a big opportunity to confront, in a secure setting, all those detrimental opinion that we have cultivated for so long, and to generate new skills that overrun those delusions from the past. While attending the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group meeting I noted that for people who were receiving professional care for their opiate addiction complications, self help groups are useful adjunct to their treatment (Mueser, Noordsy Drake, 2003). Self help groups promote diverse membership in that people from all walks of life attend these groups, so that a person can usually find someone with who to identify with. From the literature review it can be noted that self help and support groups play a fundamental role in the recovery of opiate addiction. The effectiveness of self help and support groups in the treatment and recovery of addicted individuals has been evaluated. It was found out that many people (35-65 percent) drop out in the first few months. Ghodse (2010) noted that those people who remain in the groups become active members. Ghodse (2010) commented that 65- 70 percent improve to some extent, taking opiates less than formerly or not at all (pg. 176). Treatment of opiate addicts is effective because during its administration it starts with a thorough assessment and detoxification if it is required. During the treatment period, patients participate in NA self help groups while in the primary stage of treatment and continue to do so when discharged to after care. Buy custom Opiate Addiction essay

7 Types of Female Characters in Shakespeares Plays

7 Types of Female Characters in Shakespeare's Plays Certain types of female characters often resurface in Shakespeare’s plays, telling us a great deal about his view of women and their status in Shakespeares time. The Bawdy Woman These characters are sexualized, cheeky and flirtatious. They are often working-class characters such as the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, Margaret in Much Ado about Nothing or Audrey in As You Like It. Mainly speaking in prose, as befitting their low social status, these characters often use sexual innuendo when conversing. Low-class characters like these can get away with more risquà © behavior- perhaps because they have no fear of losing social status. The Tragic Innocent Woman These women are often pure and chaste at the beginning of the play, and tragically die once their innocence is lost. In stark contrast to his presentation of bawdy women, Shakespeare’s treatment of young innocent women is fairly brutal. Once their innocence or chastity is taken away, they are literally killed to signify this loss. These characters are generally courtly, high-born characters such as Juliet from Romeo and Juliet, Lavinia from Titus Andronicus or Ophelia from Hamlet. Their high social standing makes their demise seem all the more tragic. The Scheming Femme Fatal Lady Macbeth is the archetypal femme fatal. Her manipulation of Macbeth inevitably leads them to their deaths: she commits suicide and he is slain. In her ambition to become Queen, she encourages her husband to murder. King Lear’s daughters, Goneril and Regan, plot to inherit their father’s fortune. Once again, their ambition leads them to their deaths: Goneril stabs herself after poisoning Regan. Although Shakespeare seems to appreciate the intelligence at work in his femme fatal characters, allowing them to manipulate the men around them, his retribution is brutal and unforgiving. The Witty, but Unmarriable Woman Katherine from The Taming of The Shrew is a prime example of the witty but unmarriable woman. Feminists have commented that their enjoyment of this play is marred by the fact that a man literally â€Å"breaks† Katherine’s spirit when Petruchio says â€Å"Come on  and kiss me, Kate.† Should we really celebrate this as a happy ending? Similarly, in the plot to Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick ultimately conquers the feisty Beatrice by saying, â€Å"Peace, I will stop your mouth.† These women are presented as clever, bold and independent but are put in their place by the end of the play. The Married Off Woman Many of Shakespeare’s comedies end with an eligible woman being married off – and therefore being made safe. These women are often very young and passed from their father’s care to their new husband’s. More often than not, these are high-born characters such as Miranda in The Tempest who is married to Ferdinand, Helena and Hermia in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Hero in Much Ado About Nothing. Women Who Dress as Men Rosalind in As You Like it and Viola in Twelfth Night both dress as men. Consequently, they are able to play a more active role in the play’s narrative. As â€Å"men†, these characters have more freedom, highlighting the lack of social liberty for women in Shakespeare’s time. Falsely Accused of Adultery Women in Shakespeare’s plays are sometimes wrongly accused of adultery and suffer greatly as a result. For example, Desdemona is killed by Othello who supposes her infidelity and Hero falls terribly ill when she is falsely accused by Claudio. It seems that Shakespeare’s women are judged by their sexuality even when they remain faithful to their husbands and husbands-to-be. Some feminists believe that this demonstrates male insecurity about female sexuality.

Research Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Analysis - Assignment Example This paper examines two health researches to point out that researches though, similar in type of industry being studied upon, does not always mean that the studies will utilize similar research methods and that appropriate methods should be a huge consideration to be able to study in depth the external and internal validities of such studies. Keywords: analyze, methodologies, research design, variables, interventions, timeframes, rationale, external and internal validity Research Analysis: A Closer Look at the Methodology of Two Different Health Research Studies Research studies were conducted to determine the cause and effect relationship of each independent variable to its corresponding dependent variables. The aim of these studies is to generate conclusions on the relevance of a certain variable to the samples and to provide evidenced based decision making on the issue at hand (â€Å"Study Design†, n.d.). To further analyze the similarities and differences of the methodolo gies used in the two different health research studies, this paper will look at the research designs, variables, interventions, and timeframes and timing along with its corresponding rationales in methods section of each article as used by the authors. ... ata and clinical data of patients, SCHFI scale a 22-item questionnaire that measures heart failure self-care and MLHF questionnaire that is developed to evaluate the quality of life specifically for heart failure patients. Alpha coefficients used for the study are 0.76 for heart failure self-care and 0.94 for quality of life. Data collection was done by soliciting the approval of the physician and the patients to avoid future ethical problems and the interview process thereafter. Data analysis used was descriptive statistics using SPSS base 16.0 software and considering frequencies, means and reliability estimates as well as bivariate correlations as measurements. The purpose of the study is to determine if there are any statistically significant relationships between heart failure, self-care deficits and quality of life among recently hospitalized heart failure patients. The above study showed that there was a clear link between the research purpose which was to determine if there w ere any statistically significant relationships between self-care and quality of life among recently hospitalized heart failure patients and the study design used which was non- experimental such that the study does not involve a control group but refers only to the cross-section sample of the population (â€Å"Evaluation Design†, n.d.). The link can also be inferred by the use of interview process to obtain the data and by the method of analysis which was through the use of descriptive statistics and the social statistics software (SPSS). The intervention in the study was provided for by the inclusion and exclusion criterion that was well defined in the methodology section. The rationale for the inclusion and exclusion criteria to be well defined in the study is to provide the limitation to

Spaghetti western Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Spaghetti western - Research Paper Example In this respect, the term ‘Spaghetti’ initially was meant to downgrade this genre of films, but later on, the films came to be appreciated due to the artistic innovativeness of the producers, despite their lean budgets. Therefore, Spaghetti westerns achieved global recognition due to their unequalled distinctness and uniqueness in style and creativity, as opposed to the traditional American Hollywood style. Most critics point out that Spaghetti Western emerged at the onset of Sergio Leone’s filmmaking style; this style is evidently depicted in Leone’s trilogy of films that have gained global acclamation ever since their release in the ‘60’s up to date. The leading role in this trilogy was played by Clint Eastwood, and the sound track was done by Ennio Morricone; after the massive success of this trilogy Leone, Eastwood and Morricone became household names in the film industry for their exceptional ability at directing, acting and composition re spectively. Leone’s Spaghetti westerns are discernible through a number of ways; firstly, even though they are based on the traditional American western film, Leon’s concept of the west is exaggerated in all its aspects. In other words, Leone portrays west that is wilder and more realistic than the usual one, and this contextual setting provides the overall tone of his films (Scherpschutter & Lindberg). From his films, it is evident that unlike traditional American westerns, the Spaghetti westerns have a strong tone that is characterized with extreme violence and ruthlessness. Spaghetti Westerns exaggerates the American lifestyle and context to highlight the conflicts in the film, a technique that makes them exceptionally forceful, unlike the American westerns. Being so much action oriented, dialogue in the spaghetti westerns is very scarce and obscure as it is accompanied with esoteric sounds tracks. For instance, Morricone’s sound tracks were characterized by unusual sounds such as rapid gunshots, cracking whips and whistles, in addition to the trumpets, the electric guitar and the harp. These unusual sound tracks played a very fundamental role in the spaghetti western film, in that they help to enhance the drama and suspense in the films. Thus, the spaghetti westerns have been likened to the classical opera that hugely relied on the musical element to explicate its storyline. Just like in the opera, the spaghetti westerns rely on the music to illustrate their storylines in detail, in order to make it comprehensible to the viewership. Spaghetti western directors infused aspects of the Italian culture (characterized by brashness and wacky tensions) into their stories; this is embodied in the violence depicted by the Mexican bandits. This Italian cultural aspect is further highlighted through close range camera visuals of the actors’ face reactions and their guns, and together with the bizarre sound tracks;  these aspects help in building up the tensions in the spaghetti western films (â€Å"Spaghetti Westerns and Italian Culture†). Spaghetti western films are also renowned for their atypical hero characters that don’t strike as sympathetic, but instead have tendencies typical to the villain of the story. In other word, the hero is more like the villain, always dirty and untidy, sometimes

Waste Management Of A Fast Food Restaurant Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste Management Of A Fast Food Restaurant Environmental Sciences Essay Schroeder (2007) explains operations management is a part of business that is concerned with the production of goods and services, and employs the task of ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective. It is also concerned with the management of resources and the distribution of goods and services to customers. Naylor (2002) says that operations management is the study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, employing, and controlling of a manufacturing or service organisation with the help of concepts from quality management, production management, inventory management, accounting, and other functional areas as they affect the organisation. The organization is basically a fast food restaurant and it is not possible to completely eradicate the waste, but lot of waste is a problem. Minimisation is the best and most cost-effective solution by changing operational activities in the organization. The organization is basically a fast food restaurant and it is n ot possible to completely eradicate the waste, but lot of waste is a problem. Minimisation is the best and most cost-effective solution by changing operational activities in the organization. According to Dr Jones, an anthropologist at the University of Arizonas Bureau for Applied Research in Anthropology: Huge amounts of food are being wasted throughout the industry. A proportion of this waste is inevitable, but a large part of it can be eliminated and lead to increased profit, not only through cutting losses but also through increasing efficiency. The organization has adapted the principals of HACCP, hazard analysis critical control point, which the European Union has issued for food hygiene and to help adopt a risk based safety management system. This Regulation with no option has to be implemented in the fast food industries (EU, 2004). This prohibits the organization to use the expired food to be used because this is illegal in the eyes of law. The research looks at the decision of forecasting the overestimation of the food by the operation managers at times. This expired food can no longer be used and it turns into waste without providing any profit but just the loss to the organization. Thus, managers seek to balance the cost of carrying high stocks with the risk of waste or non-service after a stock out and should understand the importance of inventory management (Silver et al, 1998). Control can be expensive and invasive for those engaged in the tasks. The manager, therefore, must understand how control can be exercised as well as how much is needed (ibid). Operational activities need to be monitored and controlled so that they can achieve their targets in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and, where appropriate, equity (Wild, 1991). According to Johnston et al (2006), operations management is concerned with the production of good and services and it involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are effective and efficient. The seven principles of HACCP: 1. List of all potential hazards Few potential hazards are associated with each step, conduct a hazard analysis, and also consider any measures to control the identified hazards. The HACCP team should conduct a hazard analysis to identify the hazards and also to know which hazards are of such a nature that their elimination or reduction is essential to acceptable levels for the production of safe food. The following principles should be included in conducting the hazard analysis wherever possible: The likely occurrence of significant hazards The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the presence of hazards Multiplication of microorganisms is needed to be closely observed Production or continuous in foods of toxins, chemicals or physical agents. 2. Determine critical control points This step is used for the determination of critical control points in the production points in the production process. If this subsequent step further used in the production Process can eliminate the hazard or to reduce it to an acceptable level, if the answer is yes than we can say that it is not a CCP, if the answer is no then it is named as CCP. 3. Establish critical limits for each CCP Critical points are to be established for each product for the safety of the product. Critical limits are derived from scientific data, regulatory standards and guidelines. 4. Establish a monitoring system for each CCP Someone from the HACCP team needs to monitor the critical limit of the significant hazard. Monitoring can be done by measurement or observation; sample planning can be done by taking the samples. According Mortimore the most common measurements taken are Time access Temperature measurement PH measurement Moisture content 5. Establish corrective actions Corrective actions are established when the CCP is not within the established limits. The control of hazards is recovered by applying corrective actions. 6. Establish verification procedures Verification procedures should be established to know whether the system is working or not. This step determines the confirmation of all the above steps. According to Mortimore CCPs should be kept under control whenever possible to confirm the capacity of all elements of HACCP plan. 7. Establish documentation and record keeping According to Edelstein to demonstrate whether the HACCP system is working properly or not established record keeping and documentation procedures are necessary. Examples for records are corrective actions taken, CCP monitoring records and records of deviation. The management has to look towards the possible risks that might hinder the growth of the organisation which may be because of the operational inefficiencies. Managing risk is one of the primary objectives of the firms and mainly managers lack in anticipating variation or negative variation in business outcome variables such as revenues, costs, profit, market share, and so on (Miller, 1992). The concept of risk as performance variable is mainly used in operations, finance and strategic management terms which refers to variation in corporate outcomes or performance that can not be predicted (March and Shapira, 1987). Therefore, the researcher believes that the operational managers of KFC should review risks towards the brand image, market share and follow the ongoing activities and review and alter them, if required, to achieve the service outputs as determined by the organization for its future growth and survival and to get a competitive advantage over its rivals. DEFINITION OF WASTE It is hard to define waste because one person who thinks the object is waste may be the same object be valuable to some other person. According to EC waste framework directive of 1975 waste can be defined as Any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard (in the categories set out in Annex 1 of the directive). According to the German Act of August 27 1993 waste can be defined as, wastes are portable objects that have been abandoned by the owner. Waste was defined as any substance or object in the categories set out in the original Waste Framework Directive (waste framework directive 1975) Production or consumption residues not otherwise specified below Off- specification products Products whose date for appropriate use has expired Materials spilled, lost or having undergone other mishap, including any materials, equipment, etc., contaminated as a result of the mishap. Materials contaminated or soiled as a result of planned actions for example residues from cleaning operations, packing, materials, containers, etc. Unusable parts for example reject batteries, exhausted catalysts, etc Substances which no longer perform satisfactorily Residues of industrial processes Residues from pollution abatement processes for example spent filters, scrubber sludges. Machining or finishing residues Residues from raw material extraction processing for example oil field slops. Adulterated materials i.e. oils contaminated with PCBs, etc Any materials, substances or products resulting from remedial action with respect to land. Products for which the holder has no further use these include agricultural, household, office, commercial and shop discards etc. Contaminated materials, substances or products resulting from remedial action with respect to land. Any materials, substances or product which are not contained in the above categories. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE Wastes are classified as solid, liquid and gaseous waste by taking their physical state into consideration. According White solid waste can further be classified by its original use like food waste and packaging waste, by materials we use like paper and glass, by physical properties as combustible, compostable, recyclable: by origin like household, commercial, agricultural and industrial waste and is also classified by safety levels like hazardous and non hazardous waste. Commercial waste: the solid waste generated by offices, restaurants, warehouses, institutions and non manufacturing activities at industrial facilities. Food waste: putrescible solid material including animal and vegetable waste resulting from handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, or serving of foods. Primarily food waste originates in home kitchens, stores, restaurants, and other places where normally food is stored, prepared, or served. Industrial waste: solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes, excluding waste resulting from oil or gas drilling, production and treatment operations; overburden, spoil, or tailings result from mining; or solution mining brine and insoluble component wastes. WASTE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES The system of waste management needs to be sustainable and likely to be integrated environmentally, economically and socially. The strategies include: Reducing the amount of waste generated Developing integrated waste management systems to handle the inevitable waste produced. Integrated waste management system combines waste streams, waste collection, treatment and disposal methods, with the objective achieving environmental benefits, economic optimisation and societal acceptability. This will lead to a practical waste management system for any specific reason. Five principles are recommended by EU for waste management Waste management hierarchy is the main intention of the European waste management policy. The first strategy is to prevent the generation of waste and also to reduce harm caused by it. Waste can be reused, recovered and to optimise the disposal finally. Producer responsibility: product manufactures also have an increased share in the responsibility of dealing with the waste that arises from their product. Self sufficiency in waste disposal facilities at regional, sub- regional and national levels. Proximity: waste should be disposed at a close point where it is being generated. Best available technique not entailing excessive costs: pollution should be prevented as much as possible, be reasonable to implement in financial terms. RESTAURANT AND WASTE Wastes from restaurants can be classified as solid waste by its physical state. It consists of different materials such as food waste, paper, plastic bottles, packaging waste etc. By origin waste generated from restaurant is included as commercial waste. Paper Paper was first produced by the Chinese minister of agriculture Tsai Luin in AD 105 And we can say that still it is the standard of communication between most offices ( waste watch 2004) Waste paper across Europe is marked into different categories based on the quality. Some of them are cardboard, newspapers, white office paper, brown paper bags, wraping papers. According to Williams, 2005 waste paper of low quality can be mainly used for packaging material and also this constitutes the main route for recycling paper and board. According to Murray, 1999 the best example for waste of waste is office paper in London. Packaging We can say the major component of the commercial waste stream is packaging waste. It normally includes paper and cardboard, plastics,glass, metals, food and drink cans or bottles. According to Department of the Environment and Welsh Office, 1995 the best environmental option which can be practised for packaging waste is to minimize the usage and reuse wherever possible, which may be followed by recovery by recycling or energy recovery. Plastics Plastics are the most hazardous problem in the world. A high proportion of waste is made by plastic polymers, the range and volume used is increasing day by day. According to Williams, 2005 bottles, plastic bags, foil wraps are the main cause for waste arising in the commercial waste stream. Plastic type Typical application 1.Thermoplastics High density polyethylene (HDPE) Low density poly ethylene (LDPE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polystyrene (PS) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polypropylene (PP) Bottles for household chemicals, bottle caps, toys, house wares Bags, sacks, bin liners, squeezy bottles, cling film, containers Blister packs, food trays, bottles, toys, cable insulation, wallpaper, flooring, cling film Egg cartons yoghurt pots, drinking cups, tape cassettes Carbonated drink bottles, food packaging Margarine tubs, crisp packets, packaging film Office equipment Equipments used for offices generally includes printers, photocopiers, scanners, computers, printer cartridges, cables, fasteners such as pens, staples, drawing pins, paper, diskettes etc. The need for raw materials such as oil which is used in the making of plastics can be reduced by recycling. By reformatting the diskettes they can be reused. If one staple is saved by everyone in the offices of UK it is estimated that 72 tonnes of metal material can be saved every year( waste watch 2004). Food According to EC regulation No 178/2002 food can be defined as any substance or product, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans. Waste minimization Waste minimization can be defined as the reduction of waste at source, by understanding and changing processes to reduce and prevent waste. This is also known as process or resource efficiency. Waste minimization includes the substitution of less environmentally harmful materials in the production process. Waste minimization programme of an organisation or industry should be an organized, comprehensive and continual effort. The technique adopted for this can be broadly categorized as Source reduction and Recycling ( on-site and off-site) The final unavoidable waste can be treated and disposed. Minimizing the amount of things that are meant to be disposed by the owner mentions third least option of waste minimization. Source reduction Source reduction can be defined as any practice which reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal and reduces hazards to public health and the environment associated with their release. The National Recycling Coalition (NRC) defines source reduction as any action that avoids the creation of waste by reducing waste at the source, including redesigning of products or packaging so that less material is used, making voluntary or imposed behavioural changes in the use of materials or increasing durability or reusability of materials. This definition implies actions intended to encourage conservation of materials. Source Reduction Programme According to Sasikumar promoting source reduction is important because it conserves the resources, reduces disposal costs and pollution, and teaches conservation and prevention. It is a practical approach consisting of the following basic elements; Reduced material use in product manufacture Increased useful life of product through durability and reparability Decreased toxicity Material reuse Reduced/ more efficient consumer use of materials Increased production efficiency resulting in less production waste. It should be noted that focusing only on recycling might give the impression that recycling will take care of all our waste problems. Source reduction and recycling can be promoted simultaneously and can be recognized as the key component of integrated waste management. A special advantage of source reduction is that it offers several opportunities for cost savings such as: Direct savings Avoided waste collection, transportation, disposal costs Decreased pollution control, liability and regulatory compliance cost Reduced product and material use and disposal costs Why waste minimization is important Few reasons for importance of waste minimization Businesses are facing stricter regulatory requirements in the management transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste. The number of hazardous waste disposal facilities has decreased. There are greater restrictions in the use of landfills. Transportation and disposal costs are rising The long- term liability associated with handling and disposal of hazardous waste is substantial. Causes of waste generation The principal causes of waste generation are categorised in the following way Manufacturing / production Production planning Employee behaviour Economic factors Others Manufacturing / production Rejection for cosmetic reasons for example colour Machinery failures especially freezers Overfilling / short filling Packaging design can encourage over-purchase Requirement to show dates on product packaging, when the product could be sold unpackaged Process by-product Production planning Errors in demand forecasting and matching production to demand Impact of weather and extraordinary events Impact of price competition Retailers changing their mind at short notice Deliveries arrive too early Employee behaviour Operator error Lack of awareness of cost of waste disposal and value of the wasted food resource Sub- optimal segregation of reject between reuse and waste Deliberate damage by disaffected employees Theft Economic factors Cost of repackaging Commercial viability of redistribution Geographical constraints on redistribution Others Cancelled promotions Product packaging trials Corporate liquidations Waste management methods The methods used for managing food waste Land disposal: includes all landfill activities plus lagoon disposal and deep injection to borehole when these are used as disposal methods. Land recovery: includes spreading waste on land and surface injection( of organic waste for beneficial treatment of agricultural land), and disposal of waste to land under provisions of waste licensing exemption. Re-use: covers only wastes that go off-site re-use excludes materials which are re-used on-site(i.e. fed back into manufacturing process). Recycling: like re-use, includes only waste that go off-site including materials such as oils and solvents which may be regenerated or re-defined. Thermal: covers incineration with and without energy recovery and the production of waste derived fuel also includes more specialised forms of recovery such as pyrolysis and gasification. Treatment: covers all physico-chemical and biological treatment including anaerobic digestion and composting. Transfer: used for wastes which do not go directly to final disposal, treatment or recovery, these wastes go through a transfer process and may be bulked -up prior to recycling, treatment or disposal in order to reduce transport costs. BENEFITS OF WASTE MINIMIZATION Long- term benefits can be provided by waste minimization. It can assist the attainment of, and improvement on, regulatory requirements firstly. Secondly, it can also provide a company with opportunities to improve profitability by: Realizing specific economic benefits; Reducing liabilities; Promoting a positive public image; Improving the health and safety of employees; Increasing operating efficiency and hence reducing production costs. The implementation of a waste minimization project is likely to incur additional capital investment, which may be rewarded by benefits such as: Reduced on-site waste monitoring, control and treatment costs; Reduced handling, pre-treatment, transport and off-site disposal costs; Reduced waste storage space, thereby creating more space for productive operations; Reduced administrative and paperwork costs associated with waste disposal; Reduced analytical costs for the identification and characterization of specific waste streams; Reduced production costs, including reduced raw material, energy and utility requirements; Reduced risks from handling hazardous materials and hence improved health and safety for employees; Reduced risks for the environment, manifested by the reduction or elimination of liability charges; Reduced risk of breaching authorization, consent or licence conditions and hence reduced risk of prosecution; Improved operating efficiency and process reliability; Improved company image in the eyes of shareholders, employees and the community. Waste minimization projects do not inevitably bring about benefits for occupational health and safety. If the initial generation of waste is reduced then clearly the risks arising from it will certainly be reduced. According to the British marine federation the waste minimization include Cost savings- production costs can be reduced through improved resource efficiency Compliance- a proactive approach ensures that the company minimizes the possibility of litigation and can anticipate requirements of new legislation. Risk reduction- control and reduction of risks and liabilities not only reduce the likelihood of fines and bad publicity but can also boost investor confidence. Market positioning- eco-friendly products can give supply chain confidence and improve customer relations. ABOUT KFC AND POSSIBLE WASTES AT RESTAURANT We can say that KFC is one of the leading organisations in the fast food sector. The annual budget of the restaurant will be nearly 30 millions. Waste generated by the restaurant A lot of food is wasted in the restaurant daily, which may be sometimes due to overproduction. And also food is wasted when the customer returns back with the food saying they didnt like or its not fresh. The food wastage also occurs when the member of staff could not handle it properly during the time of packing. The wastage which can be given second place after the food waste in restaurant is dipping sauces wastage. A lot of paper in the office is also wasted in the form of packing bags and food wrappers. HIERARCHIES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT The various waste management options can be placed in an order known as the waste management hierarchy, which reflects the relative sustainability of each. One of the key principles underlying waste management policy in the UK is to ensure that waste is dealt with as high up the waste management hierarchy as possible. Since all waste disposal options have some impact on the environment, the only way to avoid impact is not to produce waste in the first place, and waste reduction is therefore at the top of the hierarchy. Reuse, followed by recycling and composting follow, while disposal to landfill or by incineration, the worst options, are at the bottom of the hierarchy. The waste management hierarchy can be defined as a set of five options in general dealing with waste. We can say that waste hierarchy is an interpretation of Reduce- Reuse- Recycle. According to sashikumar waste is an inevitable by-product of society. Society must take necessary steps that waste is disposed or recovered without any risk. East European developed waste legislation outlines hierarchy of waste management and principles. Waste management of hierarchy which identifies management options based on their desirability. sashikumar says that one of the most desirable option is waste minimization and prevention of waste generation. The directive requires governments to apply five principles in waste management. The principle of best available technology not involving excessive cost The principle of proximity of treatment and disposal to the source of waste. The principle of self sufficiency in waste disposal Application of polluter pays principle to the disposal of waste to ensure that the cost of waste disposal is borne by the producer-holder Duty of care for producers of waste Waste prevention Reducing the amount or pollution potential of municipal solid waste and the other waste produced in a given area is a preventive action, which means that it is fundamentally different function to waste management proper. It is to be noted that reducing the amount of waste offers many potential benefits such as: Fewer environmental problems with waste management Lower waste management costs Increased conservation More efficient use of resources Increased public confidence in industry and government. Waste reduction One of the most important objectives of the waste management plan has to be prevention and minimization of waste going to the treatment and landfill. The minimization of quantities of waste being treated and disposed to landfills is a challenge that may be addressed through the implementation of an integrated waste management system, which is based on following principles: Prevention and minimization of waste generation Provision of a recycling infrastructure Separate source collection of recyclable components of municipal solid waste Centralized separation of recyclables for mixed waste. Prevention Reuse Recycling Other recovery Disposal Prevention- measures taken before a substance, material or product has become waste, that reduce (a) the quantity of waste, including through the re-use of products or the extension of the life span of products; (b) the adverse impacts of the generated waste on the environment and human health; or (c) the content of harmful substances in materials and products. Re- use- checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations, by which products or components of such products that have become waste are prepared so that they can be re-used without any other pre-processing Recycling Any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes includes the reprocessing of organic material, but not energy recovery or the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or backfilling operations Other recovery it normally includes energy recovery

How to Fap

Ok FAP NOW PRIOR TO THE EXAMINATION: WRITING PRACTISES To produce a good narrative essay, first you need to brush up your grammar. It does not work if your grammar is not that good. Get help from your friends and english teacher especially because they know what they are doing; plus that is what they do – teach you! Buy if you can afford to, if not borrow grammar books, example of english essays, and anything that is related from friends or library of your school because by reading it will improve your english skills.There is always a friends that ‘master' a certain subject and for this identify your friends who have the highest marks in Continuous Writing among you. Read his/her essay and try to relate his/her writing to yours. It is not a bad thing to copy the way they write the essay as long as it involve study and education. Try to find time to write an additional essay (which is your own personal essay; not homework) for two or a week times and asked for your teache r's comments.As for me, I started to write additional essays after finishing my trial examination because my bahasa Inggeris grade was the lowest among the 10 subjects that I took. I started a bit late, but you should start NOW while you have the time. Believe me it helps a lot because for my trial I got a B but for the SPM examination I got an A+ for bahasa Inggeris and English GCE-O an 1A. English GCE-O is the marking standard of British English and it only takes the marks of your Continuous Writing. See how important it is for you to excel in Continuous Writing.

The Poem Give Thanks by Sandra Maria Esteves - 1462 Words

A mother is the first touch, voice and sight a baby has when he or she is born. They rely on their mother to provide them with a safe environment, food and comfort. Being a mother comes with great responsibility and a life long job that the work gets harder every day. Although I myself am not a mother, I have seen this job played out from my own mother who provides her children with a great life. Some mothers are not ready for this job, yet selfishly still choose to keep their children because they are too proud to allow someone else provide their baby with the life they deserve. Child abandonment is a ever rising epidemic not only in The United States, but all around the world. Child abandonment affects the mother, but more importantly,†¦show more content†¦A way a child could be abandoned is if the baby is left on a doorstep of a stranger or a church. Leaving a child at a church is very common and they will eventually be reported to the police. From there the child will mo st likely be brought to a foster home where they will further place the child with a family who will protect and love the child like their own. The parent or the person legally in charge of taking care of the child will be found and face serious criminal charges. The criminal charges would include abandonment and endangering a child. The effects this abandonment has on a child are ever lasting and may not go away with therapy or being adopted. According to the article The Neglect Of Child Neglect: A Meta-Analytic Review Of The Prevalence Of Neglect it states, â€Å"Infancy is recognized as the period between the second postnatal month and two years, previous to the mid- childhood. In humans the period is extremely sensitive to maternal investment mother dependence for survival, and is characterized by rapid neural growth† (Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Ijzendoorn). The child develops neurological damage due to being left by the person who was supposed to care and protec t them throughout their life. Sandra Maria Esteves shows what a healthy living condition for a child should be like. She goes on to list the roles of a mother and the experiences a child gets to live through while bonding with the mother. It is a

Personal Philosophy About Special Education - 1959 Words

Part One: Personal philosophy about Special Education The amount of people who live with disabilities is a controversial number. Depending on what law and diagnostic tools used, a person may have a visible disability, or one that may lie beneath the surface of his or her appearance. Some people believe that the term â€Å"disability† is merely a label use to hold back, or prescribe helplessness. Meanwhile, individuals who have been properly diagnosed with disabilities struggle to maintain respect and acceptance every day. In plain language, there is a lot of misunderstanding between people with disabilities and those without. It is firstly important to get everyone on the same page regarding the definition of disability. In order to share my personal philosophy of special education, the first priority is to explain the definition of disability that I am working from. In their book, Exceptional Learners, authors Hallahan, Kaufman, and Pullen define disability as an inability to do something, a diminished capacity to perform in a specific way; an impairment (2015, p.4). This definition is important because of the objective nature it presents for those with disabilities. Nowhere in the definition does it say how to treat people with disabilities, whether it is rude to stare, or to what degree a person should be pitied. The definition explains how a disability simply is an inability to do something. People with disabilities are people. They are normal. They simply have challengesShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy of Special Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesMy personal philosophy of special education drives not from teaching in the field, but from, observations, and personal experience, and t he workshops I attended. 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Richardson Grand Canyon University: SPE-529N November 18, 2012 My Personal Philosophy of Special Education As educators, we need a foundation for why we want to teach, where students with different disabilities fit in that foundation, a rationale for how we teach, and a principle that keeps us striving to be the best educators we can be. The purpose of this essay is to point out what I believe the foundation, student location, rationaleRead More My Philosophy of Teaching Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy of Education Education is something that every person should be given the chance to attain. It is vital for all people young, old, mentally impaired, ADHD, or whatever characteristic they may encompass. I believe everyone has the right to learn and be taught in an school environment. The law passed in 1975, P.L. 94-142, made numerous changes in the way certain children with special needs was being treated in the public school system. With the update in 1991, IDEA (IndividualsRead MoreReflection1148 Words   |  5 PagesBy the end of this service learning project, I discovered more about interacting with individuals with special needs than I ever thought I could within a time span of only 8 hours. I learned the importance of asking questions, giving clear and concise instructions, and setting an example to help students understand the difference between inappropriate and appropriate behavior. Throughout this paper, it is evident that the most important thing I learned from my field experience is to always believeRead MoreEssay on Educational Goals and Philosophy956 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Goals and Philosophies My life has been greatly influenced by family members who are educators: my mother is a third grade teacher, my father an elementary school principal, my sister a high school English teacher, and my brother who obtains a degree in agricultural education. 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One issue that teachers lack today is lack of proper coaching from school staff